{"id":172,"date":"2013-04-24T20:07:20","date_gmt":"2013-04-24T19:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/holambra.nl\/?p=172"},"modified":"2013-04-25T08:06:48","modified_gmt":"2013-04-25T07:06:48","slug":"hoffnung-op-brasilien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/?p=172","title":{"rendered":"Hoffnung op Brasilien"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>De mislukte emigratie van Luxemburgers naar Brazili\u00eb<\/h2>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 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5.4pt;\n\tmso-para-margin-top:0cm;\n\tmso-para-margin-right:0cm;\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;\n\tmso-para-margin-left:0cm;\n\tline-height:115%;\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\n\tfont-size:11.0pt;\n\tfont-family:\"Calibri\",\"sans-serif\";\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;\n\tmso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\n\tmso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;\n\tmso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}\n<\/style>\n\n<![endif]--><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Onlangs attendeerde een Luxemburgse collega mij op de omvangrijke emigratie die in de 19<sup>e<\/sup> eeuw vanuit het kleine Groothertogdom heeft plaatsgevonden naar het grote Brazili\u00eb. Deze emigratie en retourmigratie staat centraal in een <a href=\"http:\/\/www.anlux.lu\/multi\/files\/Dossier_de_presse_Hoffnung_op_Brasilien_-_Hoffnungslosegkeet_an_Neibrasilien.pdf\">tentoonstelling<\/a> die van 10 april tot 5 juli 2013 te zien is in het Nationaal Archief van Luxemburg. Drie jaar geleden publiceerde de Luxemburgse auteur Guy Helminger onder de titel <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dradio.de\/dlf\/sendungen\/buechermarkt\/1312955\/\"><i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Neubrasilien<\/i><\/a> een roman waarin de terugkeer van deze Brazili\u00ebgangers centraal staat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"decoded alignleft\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cnl.public.lu\/pictures\/fr\/Agenda\/2010\/neubrasil.jpg\" width=\"191\" height=\"336\" \/>Luxemburg was in de negentiende eeuw een klein land, dat leefde van landbouw en handenarbeid. In 1839, het jaar van de stichting van het huidige Groothertogdom, had het land 175.000 inwoners. Van 1840 tot 1890 emigreerden 66.000 Luxemburgers, waarvan het merendeel vertrok naar Frankrijk en de Verenigde Staten.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">In 1828 voltrok zich de eerste emigratiebeweging naar Brazili\u00eb. Maar liefst 2500 personen, 1,8% van de Luxemburgse bevolking, sloten zich aan bij een Duitse emigratiebeweging. Aangemoedigd door de bevolkingspolitiek van keizer Dom Pedro I en de agressieve wervingscampagnes van Duitse reisagenten gingen de Luxemburgse Brazili\u00ebgangers op weg naar het beloofde land. Echter, tenminste 232 van de 332 Luxemburgse families bereikten nooit de ontschepingshaven Rio de Janeiro. Twee derde van de Brazili\u00ebgangers werden het slachtoffer van de criminele praktijken van de reisagenten tijdens hun reis vanuit Luxemburg naar de vertrekhaven Bremen. Veel families bereikten Bremen zonder hoop en zonder geld. Uiteindelijk keerde zeventig procent van de Brazili\u00ebgangers terug naar Luxemburg. Deze berooide aspirant-emigranten weigerden daarop terug te keren naar hun oorspronkelijke dorpsgemeenschappen of werden daar geweigerd. Diep vernederd door het falen van hun migratiepoging, probeerden zij te ontsnappen aan de hoon van hun oude omgeving.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Uiteindelijk werden de arme Brazili\u00ebgangers door de Luxemburgse regering in de gelegenheid gesteld zich te vestigen in een van de armste delen van het land. Zij stichtten het drop Grevels, gelegen ten noordwesten van het de hoofdstad van het Groothertogdom. De geschiedenis van dit dorp is heden ten dage nog zichtbaar in de bijnaam van het dorp Neubrasilien.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">Hoewel de mislukking van de eerste emigratiegolf in Luxemburg algemeen bekend was, weerhield dat veel Luxemburgers er niet van om tussen 1846 en 1852 een nieuwe poging te wagen. Ook nu liep een groot deel van de emigratiegolf stuk in de vertrekhaven, dit keer het Franse Duinkerken.<\/p>\n<p>Ondanks de mislukkingen hebben beide emigratiegolven geleid tot de vestiging van Luxemburgse gemeenschappen in Brazili\u00eb. In 1828 emigreerden enkele honderden Luxemburgers naar Santa Catarina. Twintig jaar later kwamen de voormalige inwoners van het Groothertogdom terecht in Santa Catarina en Esp\u00edrito Santo. In de laatstgenoemde deelstaat vormden zij een eigen gemeenschap Luxemburgo in de gemeente Santa Leopoldina, niet ver van de latere Zeeuwse gemeenschap Holanda.<\/p>\n<p>In de navolgende video leest Helminger een passage voor uit zijn boek <em>Neubrasilien<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/toi88qtbKHQ?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=nl-NL&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Bron: Claude Wey, \u2018Luxembourgers in Latin America and the permanent threat of failure\u2019. \u201cReturn Migration\u201d in the social context of a European micro-society\u2019, in: <i>AEMI Journal,<\/i>Volume 1, 2003. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdmh.lu\/resources\/pdf\/_base_documents\/7472203637.pdf\">[pdf]<\/a><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>\n<w:WordDocument>\n<w:View>Normal<\/w:View>\n<w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>\n<w:TrackMoves\/>\n<w:TrackFormatting\/>\n<w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone>\n<w:PunctuationKerning\/>\n<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/>\n<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>\n<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent>\n<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>\n<w:DoNotPromoteQF\/>\n<w:LidThemeOther>NL<\/w:LidThemeOther>\n<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeAsian>\n<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeComplexScript>\n<w:Compatibility>\n<w:BreakWrappedTables\/>\n<w:SnapToGridInCell\/>\n<w:WrapTextWithPunct\/>\n<w:UseAsianBreakRules\/>\n<w:DontGrowAutofit\/>\n<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark\/>\n<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp\/>\n<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables\/>\n<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx\/>\n<w:Word11KerningPairs\/>\n<w:CachedColBalance\/>\n<\/w:Compatibility>\n<m:mathPr>\n<m:mathFont m:val=\"Cambria Math\"\/>\n<m:brkBin m:val=\"before\"\/>\n<m:brkBinSub m:val=\"&#45;-\"\/>\n<m:smallFrac m:val=\"off\"\/>\n<m:dispDef\/>\n<m:lMargin m:val=\"0\"\/>\n<m:rMargin m:val=\"0\"\/>\n<m:defJc m:val=\"centerGroup\"\/>\n<m:wrapIndent m:val=\"1440\"\/>\n<m:intLim m:val=\"subSup\"\/>\n<m:naryLim m:val=\"undOvr\"\/>\n<\/m:mathPr><\/w:WordDocument>\n<\/xml><![endif]--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De mislukte emigratie van Luxemburgers naar Brazili\u00eb Onlangs attendeerde een Luxemburgse collega mij op de omvangrijke emigratie die in de 19e eeuw vanuit het kleine Groothertogdom heeft plaatsgevonden naar het grote Brazili\u00eb. Deze emigratie en retourmigratie staat centraal in een tentoonstelling die van 10 april tot 5 juli 2013 te zien is in het Nationaal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[31],"tags":[38,36,34,35,37],"class_list":["post-172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brazilie-algemeen","tag-19e-eeuw","tag-guy-helminger","tag-luxemburg","tag-neubrasilien","tag-retourmigratie"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4Hsig-2M","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=172"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":175,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/172\/revisions\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/holambra.nl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}